Scientific Evidence The
scientific evidence below has been drawn from various publications and is
available in the public domain. Physiology
& Behavior, Vol. 63. No. 2, pp. 249-252, 1998©1998 Elsevier Science Inc. Binaural
Auditory Beats Affect Vigilance Performance and Mood James
D. Lane*, Stefan J. Kasiamn*, Justine E. Owens** And Gail R. Marsh* *Departments
of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center,
Durham, North Carolina; and **Center for the Study of Complementary and Alternative
Therapies, School of Nursing, University of Virginia, Charlottesville,
Virginia Received
18 July 1997; Accepted 29 August 1997 Lane,
J. D., S. J. Kasian, J. E. Owens And G. R. Marsh. Binaural auditory beats affect vigilance performance and mood. PHYSIOL BEHAV 63 (2) 249 252, 1998. – When
two tones of slightly different frequency are presented separately to the
left and right ears the listener perceives a single tone that varies in
amplitude at a frequency equal to the frequency difference between the two
tones, a perceptual phenomenon known as the binaural auditory beat. Anecdotal reports suggest that binaural
auditory beats within the electroencephalograph frequency range can entrain
EEG activity and may affect states of consciousness, although few scientific
studies have been published. This
study compared the effects of binaural auditory beats in the EEG beta and EEG
theta/delta frequency ranges on mood and on performance of a vigilance task
to investigate their effects on subjective and objective measures of
arousal. Participants (n = 29)
performed a 30-min visual vigilance task on three different days while
listening to pink noise containing simple tones or binaural beats either in
the beta range (16 and 24 Hz) or the theta/delta range (1.5 and 4 Hz). However, participants were kept blind to
the presence of binaural beats to control expectation effects. Presentation of beta-frequency binaural
beats yielded more correct target detections and fewer false alarms than
presentation of theta/delta frequency binaural beats. In addition, the beta-frequency beats were
associated with less negative mood.
Results suggest that the presentation of binaural auditory beats can
affect psychomotor performance and mood.
This technology may have applications for the control of attention and
arousal and the enhancement of human performance. ©1998 Elsevier Science Inc. Keywords: binaural auditory beats, vigilance
performance, mood, frequency-following response. Journal
of Scientific Exploration, Vol. 11. No. 3, pp. 263-274, 1997 Accessing
Anomalous States of Consciousness with a Binaural Beat Technology
The Monroe
Institute, 62 Roberts Mountain Road, Faber, VA 22938-2317
Abstract
– Exposure
to binaural beats in an environment of restricted stimulation coupled with a
guidance process can safely provide access to and experiences in many
propitious states of consciousness.
This method requires a unique combination of well-understood
psycho-physiological inductive techniques with the addition of a refined
binaural-beat technology. Binaural
beats provide potential consciousness-altering information to the
brain’s reticular activating system.
The reticular activating system in turn interprets and reacts to this information
by stimulating the thalamus and cortex thereby altering arousal states,
attentional focus, and the level of awareness, i.e., the elements of
consciousness itself. This effective
binaural-beat process offers a wide variety of beneficial applications and
vehicle for the exploration of expanded states of consciousness. Keywords: consciousness – altered
states |
Binaural-Beat
Induced Theta EEG Activity and Hypnotic Susceptibility
D.
Brian Brady
Northern
Arizona University
May
1997
Six
participants varying in degree of hypnotisability (two lows, two mediums and
two highs) were exposed to three sessions of a binaural-beat sound stimulation
protocol designed to enhance theta brainwave activity. The Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale,
Form C (SHSS: C) was used for pre and post-stimulus measures of hypnotic
susceptibility. Time-series analysis
was used to evaluate anterior theta activity in response to binaural-beat sound
stimulation over baseline and stimulus sessions. A protocol designed to increase anterior theta activity resulted
in a significant increase in theta measures (% activity) between pre-stimulus
baseline and stimulus observations for five of six participants. Hypnotic susceptibility levels remained
stable in the high-susceptible group, and increased moderately in the low and
medium susceptible groups.
Differential
individual response to hypnosis, has, captured the attention of hypnosis
practitioners and researchers since the time of Mesmer, in the late 18th
century. Despite the long recognized
importance of individual variation in hypnotisability, efforts to modify or
increase individual hypnotic susceptibility have proven to be problematic and
controversial.
Part
of the difficulty in addressing the nature of hypnotisability has been the lack
of consensus regarding the basic phenomena of hypnosis. The central issue has been whether observed
hypnotic responses are due to an altered state of consciousness or merely the
product of psychosocial factors.
Considering
hypnosis as either an altered state or as a purely psychosocial phenomenon
served to provide two opposing factions into which most theories of hypnosis
could be grouped. Contemporary hypnosis
researchers tend to hold less extreme positions, realizing the benefit of a
perspective, which is comprised of the strengths of both the special-process
(i.e., altered state of consciousness) and the social-psychological theoretical
domains.
The
1960’s witnessed the advent of standardized hypnotic susceptibility
measurements. Reliable standardized
instruments have been developed for use with groups and individuals. Early work with the electroencephalogram
(EEG) designed to identify hypnotic susceptibility also began around this
time. More recent EEG/hypnosis research
has focused on electro cortical correlates of both the state of, and
differential individual response to, hypnosis.
The concept of a reliable electro cortical correlate of hypnotic
susceptibility draws attention to the recent applications of neurofeedback
therapy, which has employed a number of protocols designed for individual
brainwave modification. Recent advances
in the application of binaural-beat technology and the associated EEG frequency
following response, which can be either relaxing or stimulating, have
demonstrated efficacy of brainwave modification in areas such as enriched
learning, improved sleep, and relaxation (Atwater, 1997). In consideration of recent EEG / hypnosis
research along with the recently demonstrated efficacy of EEG neurofeedback
training research and the binaural-beat technology applications, it would seem
that the lingering question of hypnotisability modification can now be
addressed by utilizing brainwave modification within a systematic protocol.
As
mentioned earlier, it has often been the case in the past to view the field of
hypnosis as being dominated, theoretically, by two opposing camps; the
special-process and the social-psychological.
In general, the special-process view holds that hypnosis induces a
unique state of consciousness; whereas, the social-psychological view maintains
that hypnosis is not a distinct physiological state.
Popular
authors of the post-Mesmeric period (i.e., mid 19th century), such
as James Braid, proposed psycho physiological and sometimes neurophysiological
explanations for the hypnotic phenomenon (Sabourin, 1982). In fact, Braid adopted the term
‘neuro-hypnology’ to describe the phenomenon and is credited as the originator
of the term ‘hypnosis’ (Bates, 1994, p.24).
The work of other English physicians, such as John Elliotson and James
Esdaile, on surgical anesthesia and clinical pain relief in the mid-19th
century (Soskis, 1986), are indicative of the psycho physiological zeitgeist of
hypnosis in that time. This
physiologically oriented perspective is reflected in Hilgard’s neodissociation
model (Hilgard, 1986), which suggests that hypnosis involves the activation of
hierarchically arranged subsystems of cognitive control. This dissociation of consciousness is
clearly manifested in the realm of hypnotically induced analgesia. Hilgard’s conception of a ‘hidden observer’
(Hilgard, 1973) as a dissociated part of consciousness, a part that is always
aware of non-experienced pain and can be communicative with the therapist, is
exemplified in his description of a hypnotically analgesic individual whose
hand and arm were immersed in circulating ice water as follows:
All
the while that she was insisting verbally that she felt no pain in hypnotic
analgesia, the dissociated part of herself was reporting through automatic
writing that she felt the pain just as in the normal non-hypnotic state (p.
398).
In
Hilgard’s model, the hidden observer is the communication of the
above-described subsystem not available to consciousness during hypnosis. It is reasonable to assume, considering
hypnosis research with pain control, that such a dissociative effect of
cognitive functioning (i.e., cortical inhibition) would have, as a substrate,
some neuropsychophysiological correlate.
Often
the social-psychological or social-learning position sees hypnotic behaviors as
other complex social behaviors, the result of such factors as ability,
attitude, belief, expectancy, attribution, and interpretation of the situation
(Kirsch & Lynn, 1995). The
influence of such variables as learning history and environmental influences
are described by Barber (1969). In this
influential discourse, Barber presents a framework in which hypnotic responding
is related to antecedent stimuli, such as expectations, motivation, definition
of the situation, and the experimenter-subject relationship. Diamond (1989) proposed a variation of the
social-psychological view, which emphasized the cognitive functions, associated
with the experience of hypnosis, as described in the following:
It
may be most fruitful to think of hypnotisability as a set of cognitive skills
rather than a stable trait. Thus, it is
conceivable that the so-called ‘insusceptible’ or refractory S [subject] is “simply
less adept at creating, implementing, or utilizing the requisite cognitive
skills in hypnotic test situations”.
Similarly, what makes for a highly responsive or ‘virtuoso’ S may well
be precisely the ability or skill to generate those cognitive processes within
the context of a unique relationship with a hypnotist (p. 382).
According
to the social-psychological paradigm, an individual’s response to hypnosis is
related to a disposition toward hypnosis, expectations, and the use of more
effective cognitive strategies, not because the individual possesses a certain
level of hypnotic ability. An important
implication of the social psychological or social-learning theory is that an
individual’s level of hypnotisability can be modified and thus enhanced with
systematic strategies to accommodate for individual deficiencies. These two positions can no longer be
perceived as a dichotomy, but more accurately as overlapping areas in a Venn
diagram. It is not difficult for one to
recognize the role of both individual characteristics (i.e., differential
neurological activity) and contextual variables (i.e., psychosocial constructs)
in measuring and determining the hypnotic response. In other words, the hypnotic response can be viewed as a product
of a trance-like state of altered consciousness, which is itself moderated by
psychosocial factors such as social influence, personal abilities, and possibly
the effects of modification strategies.
Such a perspective allows for a more complete investigation of the nature
of hypnotic susceptibility by taking into account the relevant issues within
each position.
In
the middle 1960’s, the focus on hypnotic research was dominated by a trait, or
individual difference, approach. The
use of standardized hypnotic susceptibility measurements became common. Most practitioners today tend to view
hypnotic susceptibility as a relatively stable characteristic that varies
across individuals. This view, and the
realization of individual variability in the ability to experience hypnosis, is
not new ideas, as Mesmer long ago emphasized the individual’s receptivity to
hypnotic process (Laurence & Perry, 1988).
Braid, an English physician during the 19th century,
described the remarkable differences of different individuals in the degree of
susceptibility to the hypnotic experience (Waite, 1960). The importance of within-individual
variability in hypnotic susceptibility is also found in Braid’s comments that individuals
are affected differently, and that even the same individual could react
differently at different times to hypnosis (Waite, 1960). Differential responses to hypnosis were
recognized by Freud in his attempts to determine which patients would be the
most responsive to hypnotic training.
Freud, like others at this time, was unable to identify reliable
correlates of hypnotisability. Freud’s
frustration is reflected in his observation that, “We can never tell in advance
whether it VAll be possible to hypnotize a patient or not, and the only
way m have of discovering is by the attempt itself” (Freud, 1966, p. 106). This view is reflected in the methodology of
current standardized scales of hypnotisability, which use direct measures of
hypnotic responses to determine level of hypnotisability.
Differential
treatment outcome, associated with individual differences in the way
individuals respond to hypnosis, has been observed by practitioners for
centuries. Hypnotic susceptibility may
also be a relevant factor in the practice of health psychology/behavioral
medicine. Bowers (1979) suggested that
hypnotic ability is important in the healing or improvement of various somatic
disorders. He has also provided
evidence that therapeutic outcomes with psychosomatic disorders are correlated
with hypnotic susceptibility; even Men hypnotic procedures were not employed
(Bowers, 1982). Significant
relationships have been found between hypnotisability and the reduction of
chronic pain, chronic facial pain, headaches, and skin disorders (e.g., warts,
chronic urticaria, and atopic eczema) with hypnotic techniques (Brown,
1992). Support for the interaction of
negative emotions and hypnotic ability as a mediator of symptoms and disease
has also been provided by recent research (Wickramasekera, 1979, 1994; Wickramasekera,
Pope & Kolm, 1996). A recent
article by Ruzyla-Smith, Barabasz, Barabasz & Warner (1995), measuring the
effects of hypnosis on the immune response, found significant increases in
B-cells and helper T-cells only for the highly hypnotizable participants in the
study. This report not only suggests
that hypnosis can modify the activity of components of the immune system, but
also highlights the importance of individual variability in response to
hypnosis.
In
terms of modifications of hypnotisability, initial hypnotic susceptibility
level may be a factor in the resulting degree of modification. In a paper discussing the issue of
hypnotisability modification, Perry (1977) presented a number of studies employing
a range of less susceptible individuals for modification training. Overall, the attempts to modify
hypnotisability were unsuccessful in these studies. Perry suggested that successful modification tends to be more
common in medium susceptible individuals.
It may be that the medium susceptible individual, having already
demonstrated a certain degree of hypnotic ability, possesses the underlying
cognitive framework essential to the hypnotic experience. This line of reasoning could explain the
differential responses of low susceptible and medium susceptible individuals to
hypnotisability modification training.
The high susceptible individual could also provide to be less responsive
to modification strategies compared to the medium susceptible individual, as a
potential exists for a ceiling effect with the high susceptible individual.
The
long observed differences in individual response to hypnosis eventually led to
the development of the first viable measures of hypnotisability, the Standford
Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale, Forms A and B (SHSS: A and SHSS: B) by
Weitzenhoffer and Hilgard (1959). The
introduction of the Standford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale, Form C (SHSS: C)
by Weitzenhoffer and Hilgard (1962) represented an improved version of the two
earlier forms; it was comprised of a greater proportion of more difficult
cognitive items. The SHSS: C is still
the prevalent measure of hypnotic susceptibility in current use and is often
the criterion by which other measures of hypnotisability are evaluated (Perry,
Nadon & Button, 1992). This
instrument is essentially an ascending scale, which begins with relatively easy
hypnotic induction procedures and progressively moves to more difficult trance
challenges.
A
recent study by Kurtz & Strube (1996), comparing a number of hypnotic
measures, described the SHSS: C as the gold standard of susceptibility
tests. This study also addressed the
idea of using multiple measures of hypnotic susceptibility in order to improve
predictive power over using a single administered test. Kurtz & Strube (1996) concluded that the
use of multiple measures of susceptibility was not warranted, and that the
‘rational’ choice for a single measure of hypnotic susceptibility would be the
SHSS: C.
Research with the EEG and Hypnotic Susceptibility
Brainwaves
are the far-field electrical wave patterns set up by neuro-chemical activity in
the living brain. The
electroencephalograph (EEG) is an instrument, which can measure this activity
and determine its strength (higher or lower amplitude) and speed (high or low
frequency). Scientists have
characterized brainwaves into four broad categories: (a) beta, brainwaves above
13 cycles per second (or hertz), indicative of active consciousness; (b) alpha,
a slower brainwave ranging from 8 to 12 hertz, characteristic of a relaxed
conscious state of awareness; (c) theta, the next slower waves ranging from 4
to 8 hertz, often associated with dreamlike imagery and deep relaxation; (d)
delta, the slowest waves from 0 to 4 hertz which can predominate during
dreamless sleep.
The
majority of early research which hypnosis shared a common goal: the development
of a methodology to determine if, and when, an individual is hypnotized. The majority of early EEG research which
hypnosis focused on the state of hypnosis, often attempting to distinguish the
state of hypnosis from the state of sleep (Sabourin, 1982). Weitzenhoffer’s 1953 review of studies
utilizing the EEG with hypnosis concluded that hypnosis is perhaps more akin to
light sleep than either deep sleep or the waking state.
A
shift occurred in the late 1960’s as researchers began investigating possible
electro cortical correlates of hypnotic susceptibility using the EEG. The predominant focus in hypnosis research
from this time forward was on individual differences rather than the hypnotic
state per se. Much of the early
research focused on alpha wave indices of hypnotic susceptibility. A review by Dumas (1977) found that no
alpha-hypnotisability correlation existed in the general population. Additionally, a recent critical review by
Perlini & Spanos (1991) offered little support for an alpha-hypnotisability
relationship. Other early studies found
greater resting theta wave activity with highly susceptible individuals
(Galbraith, London, Leibovitz, Cooper & Hart, 1970; Tebecis, Provins,
Farnbach & Pentony, 1975; Akpinar, Ulett and Itil, 1971). Overall, the comparison of early EEG
research proves difficult given the aggregate of technologies and methodologies
employed over a span of time characterized by extreme variance in technology
development.
Recent
studies have re-examined the relationship between EEG measures and hypnotic
susceptibility based on rigorous subject screening and control, along with
enhanced recording and analytic techniques.
Sabourin, Cutcomb, Crawford and Pribram (1990) found highly hypnotizable
subjects to generate substantially more mean theta power than did low
hypnotizable subjects in frontal, central and occipital derivations during
resting non-hypnotic baseline, with largest differences observed in the frontal
(F3, F4) locations. According to a
review by Crawford and Gruseiler (1992), theta activity, which is strongly and
positively related to hypnotic susceptibility, is the most consistent EEG
correlate of hypnotic susceptibility.
The results of recent study by Graffin, Ray & Lundy (1995) indicate
that highly hypnotizable subjects demonstrate significantly more theta activity
in frontal (F3, F4) and temporal (T3, T4) areas in comparison to low
hypnotizable subjects at baseline measures.
The studies by Sabourin et al (1990) and Graffin et al (1995) are alike
in that each employed fast Fourier transformation (FFT) and power spectral
analysis of monopolar EEG derivations, which allows for the examination of activity
within each component frequency of each EEG epoch.
The
position which is most supported in the contemporary literature is a consistent
pattern of EEG activity which can differentiate individuals according to
standardized hypnotic susceptibility scores.
It is suggested that high-susceptible individuals produce more anterior
theta activity as compared to low-susceptible individuals. This baseline individual difference is an
important neuropsychophysiological indicator of hypnotisability and could provide
to be a more stable individual difference measure than standard psychometric
measures (Graffin et al, 1995).
The
relationship between theta activity and selective attentional processes lends
further support to a coexistent relationship with hypnotisability. The concepts of Class 1 and Class 11
inhibition have been presented by Vogel, Broverman & Klaiber (1968). Class 1 inhibition is described as being
correlated with a general inactvitiy or drowsiness, whereas Class 11 inhibition
is related to more efficient and selective attentional processes. The Class 11 concept of slow wave actvitiy
is described by Vogel et al (1968) as “a selective inactivation of particular
responses so that a continuing excitatory state becomes directed or patterned”
(p. 172). Sabourin et al (1990)
suggested that the theta activity observed in highly hypnotizable subjects
reflects involvement in greater absorptive attentional skills. As in the Sabourin et al. (1990) study,
Graffin et al. (1995) provide suggestions regarding the selective attentional
component of theta: “high hypnotizables either possess, or can manifest, a
heightened state of attentional readiness and concentration of attention” (p.
128). The relationship between greater
attentional readiness and frontal theta has also been suggested in psycho
physiological studies (Bruneau et al., 1993; Ishihara & Yoshii, 1972;
Mizuki et al., 1980). Another possible
supportive line of research involves the examination of psychological
absorption and hypnotisability relationships.
Studies have found absorption to be consistently correlated with
hypnotisability (Glisky, Tataryn, Tobia, Kihlstrom, 1991; Tellegen &
Atkinson, 1974). In a review of
psychological correlates of theta, Schacter (1977) described the relationship
between the hypnagogic state and the presence of low voltage theta
activity. Green & Green (1977)
described the theta state as that of reverie and hypbnogogic imagery. They employed theta neurofeedback training
to induce quietness of body, emotions, and mind, and to build a bridge between
the conscious and unconscious. In
describing theta EEG brainwave biofeedback, the Life Sciences Institute of
Mind-Body Health (1995) associated increased theta activity with ‘states of
reverie that have been known to creative people of all time’ (p.4).
Considering
these findings related to theta activity, a relationship between individual
levels of hypnotisability, selective inhibition, hypnogogic reverie, and theta
activity is more easily understood.
Relatively high theta activity may be indicative of a characteristic
brainwave pattern, which reflects an underlying cognitive mechanism that
relates to a type of selective inhibition and hypnogogic imagery.
Research
with Neurofeedback Training
Neurofeedback
training works on the brain’s activity to produce certain brainwaves the way
exercise works to strengthen muscles.
EEG biofeedback instruments show the kinds of brainwaves an individual
is producing, making it possible for that individual to learn to manipulate the
observed brainwaves.
Demonstrated
individual success acquiring the ability to self-regular characteristic
brainwave patterns is evident in the neurofeedback literature. Various protocols have been employed by many
practitioners to enhance both relaxation (an increase in production of slow
waves, such as theta, and a decreased production of fast beta waves) and mental
activity (a decrease production of excessive slow wave, such as delta and lower
frequency theta; with an increase in the production of ‘fast’ beta waves). An impressive number of recent studies have
demonstrated the efficacy of brainwave neurofeedback training. The work by Peniston and others with
individuals and alcohol abuse issues (Peniston & Kulkosky, 1989, 1990,
1991; Saxby and Peniston, 1995) has provided remarkable results. Peniston has shown 13-month follow-up
relapse rates of 20% (compared to 80% using conventional medical training),
significant reductions in Beck Depression Inventory scores, and decreased
levels of beta-endorphin in subjects treated with Alpha-Theta brainwave
training. The area of attention deficit
hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has received strong attention from neurofeedback
researchers (Barabasz & Barabasz, 1995; Lubar, 1991; Rossiter & Vaque,
1995). Lubar’s work has provided strong
support for the effectiveness of a protocol designed for Beta-training (16 – 20
Hz) and Theta inhibition (4 – 8 Hz), with 80% of 250 treated children showing
grade point average improvements of 1.5 levels (range 0 – 3.5) (Lubar, 1991). Objective assessments of the efficacy of neurofeedback training
for ADHD have shown significant improvements on the Test of Variables of
Attention (T.O.V.A) scales and Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised
(WISC-R) IQ scores with subjects who demonstrated significant decreases in
theta activity across sessions (Lubar, Swaamod, Swartwood, & O’Donnell,
1995). Additional studies with
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) with Vietnam veterans (Peniston, 1990);
Peniston & Kulkosky, 1991; Peniston, Marrinan & Deming, 1993) have
provided unprecedented results with a condition often very resistant to
training with other interventions.
The
work by Ochs (1994) with the use of light and sound feedback of EEG frequencies,
EEG dis-entrainment feedback (EDF), is also promising in terms of modification
of EEG patterns. However, unlike
traditional EEG biofeedback, with Dr. Ochs’ device there is no need for the
individual to be consciously involved in the process. The visual and auditory stimuli respond to and match the
individual’s brainwaves and these stimuli are in turn generated by the overall
frequency of the individual’s brainwaves.
The aptitude of this system is the capacity for the clinician to alter
the feedback frequencies upward or downward, in effect, providing flexibility
into a ‘set’ or ‘characteristic’ brainwave pattern.
The
flexibility of individual neurofeedback training is evident in the various
approaches designed to intensify certain types of EEG activity either by
itself, or to intensify certain types of EEG activity and decrease other types
of EEG activity occurring at the same time.
Overall, the relatively high number of recent neurofeedback training
studies with consistent positive results stronglyt demonstrates the changes in
cognitive and behavioral variables resulting from the alteration of individual
brainwave patterns.
Binaural-beat
stimulation is an important element of a patented auditory guidance system
developed by Robert A. Monroe. In fact,
Robert Monroe has been granted several patents for applications of
psychophysical entrainment via sound pattern in (Atwater, 1997). In the patented process referred to as
Hemi-Sync®, individuals are exposed to factors including breathing exercises,
guided relaxation, visualizations, and binaural beats. Extensive research within the Monroe
Institute of Applied Sciences, which has documented physiological changes associated
with Hemi-Sync use, along with consistent reports of thousands of Hemi-Sync
users, appears to support the theory that the Hemi-Sync process encourages
directed neuropsychophsiological variations (Atwater, 1997).
The
underlying premise of the Hemi-Sync process is not unlike that adopted by many
EEG neurofeedback therapists, that an individuals’ predominant state of
consciousness can be reflected as a homeostatic pattern of brain activity
(i.e., an individual differential bandwidth activity within the EEG spectrum)
and can often be resistant to variation.
Atwater (1997) reported that practitioners of the Hemi-Sync process have
observed a state of hypnagogia or experiences of a kind of mind-awake/body
asleep state associated with entrainment of the brain to lower frequencies
(delta and theta) and with slightly higher-frequency entrainment associated
with hyper suggestive states of consciousness (high theta and low alpha). In line with current EEG research relating
to ADHD (see Lubar, 1991), Hemi-Sync researchers have noted deep relaxation with
entrainment of the brain to lower frequencies and increased mental activity and
alertness with higher frequency entrainment.
The Monroe Institute has been refining binaural-beat technology for over
thirty years and has developed a variety of applications including enriched
learning, improved sleep, relaxation, wellness, and expanded mind-consciousness
states (Atwater, 1997).
Binaural
beat stimulation can be further understood by considering how we detect sound
sources in daily life. Each ear can
detect incoming frequencies or sounds as the wave curves around the skills by
detraction. The brain perceives this
differential input as being ‘out of phase’, and this waveform phase difference
allows for accurate location of sounds.
Stated simply, less noise is heard by one ear, and more by the
other. The capacity of the brain to
detect a waveform phase difference also enables it to perceive binaural beats
(Atwater, 1997). The presentation of
waveform phase differences (different frequencies), which normally is
associated with directional information, can produce a different phenomenon
when heard with stereo headphones or speakers.
The result of presenting phase differences in this manner is a
perceptual integration of the signals; the sensation of a third ‘beat’
frequency (Atwater, 1997). This
perception of the binaural-beat is at a frequency that is the difference
between the two auditory inputs.
Binaural
beats can easily be heard at the low frequencies (<30 Hz) that are
characteristic of the EEG spectrum (Austere, 1973). This perception of the binaural-beat is associated with an EEG
frequency following response (FFR).
This phenomenon is described by Atwater (1997) as EEG activity, which
corresponds to the fundamental frequency of the stimulus, such as binaural-beat
stimulation.
The
sensation of auditory binaural beating occurs when two coherent sounds of
nearly similar frequencies are presented one to each ear with stereo headphones
or speakers. Origination in the
brainstem’s superior olivary nucleus, the site of contra lateral integration of
auditory input (Oster, 1973), the audio sensation of binaural beating is
neurologically conveyed to the reticular formation (Swann, Bosanko, Cohen,
Midgley & Seed, 1982) and the cortex where it can be observed as a
frequency-following response with EEG equipment. The word reticular means ‘net-like’ and the neural reticular
formation itself is a large, net-like diffuse area of the brainstem (Anch, et
al. 1988). The RAS regulates cortical
EEG (Swann et al. 1988) and controls arousal, attention and awareness – the
elements of consciousness itself (Tice & Steinberg, 1989; Empson,
1986). How we interpret, respond, and
react to information (internal stimuli, feelings, attitudes and beliefs as well
as external sensory stimuli) is managed by the brain’s reticular formation
stimulating the thalamus and cortex, and controlling attentiveness and level of
arousal (Empson, 1986). Binaural beats
can influence ongoing brainwave states by providing information to the brain’s
reticular activating system (RAS). If
internal stimuli, feelings, attitudes, beliefs, and external sensory stimuli
are not in conflict with this information, the RAS will alter brainwave states
to match the binaural-beat provocation.
A
recent study of Foster (1991) was conducted in an effort to determine the
effects of alpha-frequency binaural-beat stimulation combined with alpha
neurofeedback on alpha frequency brainwave production. Foster found that the combination of
binaural-beat stimulation and alpha neurofeedback produced significantly higher
alpha production than that of neurofeedback alone, but that the group which
received only binaural-beat stimulation, produced significantly higher alpha
production than either group. In a
review of three studies directed towards the effects of Hemi-Sync tapes on
electrocoritcal activity, Sadigh (1994) reported increased brainwave activity
in the desired direction after virtually minutes of exposure to the Hemi-Sync
signals.
Research
to date, therefore, has suggested that the use of the binary-beat sound
applications can contribute to the establishment of prescribed variation in
individual psycho physiological homeostatic patterns of cognitive variables and
characteristic brainwave patterns affords not only a methodology for change,
but also an objective unit for measure of change.
The
present study was an effect to develop, and to test the efficacy of, techniques
designed to increase anterior theta activity and susceptibility to hypnosis as
measured by currently employed standardized instruments. Contemporary hypnosis/EEG research studies
have found individual electro cortical differents (anterior theta activity) to
be reliable predictors of hypnotic susceptibility. Clinicians and researchers within the field of neurofeedback
training have also demonstrated the efficacy of prescribed changes in
individual EEG patterns and behavioral variables, with a number of medical and
psychological disorders. Practitioners
and researchers utilizing the binaural-beat technology developed by the Monroe
Institute have produced impressive changes in individual EEG patterns. Given the strong support of brainwave
modification, and the efficacy of the binary-beat sound patterns to modify
brainwave patterns, it is logical and advantageous to make use of a
binaural-beat sound based protocol.
Since theta activity is positively related to individual level of
hypnotic susceptibility, it follows that the employment of a protocol designed
to increase frontal theta activity could also meditate an increase in hypnotic
susceptibility. It was proposed that a
binaural beat protocol designed to increase in theta measure (% activity), and
a related increase in hypnotic susceptibility, as measured by standardized instruments. In consideration of the previous association
between hypnotic susceptibility increases in theta activity relative to
hypnotisability group. The examination
of potential differential changes in theta activity relative to initial level
of hypnotisability could provide further data supporting the association of
theta activity and hypnotic susceptibility.
Hypothesis
1 –
increased in hypnotic susceptibility, after exposure to binaural-beat sound
stimulation protocol, will be observed for all participants from pre to
post-measures. The Significant Change
Index (SCI) was used to evaluation change between pre and post SHSS:C
scores. Graphing was used to provide
visual interpretation and of individual level of hypnotisability.
Hypothesis
2 – Theta
activity will increase in all individuals as a result of the binaural beat
sound stimulation protocol. The C
Statistic was performed on the time series of theta measures across baseline
and stimulus sessions for each individual.
Hypothesis
3 –
Increases in theta activity after exposure to binaural-beat sound stimulation
protocol. Will be of greatest
significance in individuals in the medium-hypnotisable group. The C Statistic was performed on the time
series of Theta measures across baseline and stimulus sessions for each
individual.
Hypothesis
4 –
Increases in theta activity after exposure to binaural-beat sound stimulation
protocol will be of least significance in individuals in the low hypnotisable
groups. The C Statistic was performed
on the time series of theta measures across baseline and stimulus sessions for
each individual.
Six
participants were selected from a pool of Northern Arizona University (NAU)
undergraduates who were administered the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility
Scale, Form C (SHSS:C, Weitzenhoffer & Hilgard, 1962). The six participants were grouped according
to varying degrees of hypnotisability (two lows, two mediums, and two highs)
for participation in the stimulus sessions.
The variations in hypnotic susceptibility within each group were
minimal, assuring the participants were relatively homogeneous in terms of
initial hypnotic susceptibility measures.
To reduce the risk of attrition during this study, participants were
paid $40.00 each for participation in the study.
INSTRUMENT
Stanford
Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale, Form C (SHSS:C)
Each
participant’s score on the SHSS:C served as a baseline measure of hypnotic
susceptibility. Also, after completion
of the three stimulus sessions, raw scores were obtained on the SHSS:C for each
participant a second time. The raw
scores obtained in this post treatment evaluation provided an index of each
participant’s hypnotic susceptibility level after exposure to the binaural-beat
stimulus protocol. The following
general hypnotizability level designation and raw-score ranges are used with
the SHSS:C (a) low hypnotizable (0-4), (b) medium hypnotizable (5-7), (c) high
hypnotizable (8-10), and (d) very-high hypnotizable (11-12).
The
Kuder-Richardson total scale reliability index, which provides a measure of the
degree of consistency of participants’ responses, was reported by E. R. Hilgard
(1965) as .85, with retest reliability coefficients ranging from .60 to .77
over the range of twelve items on the SHSS: C.
The
NRS-2D (Lexicor Medical Technology, Inc) is a miniaturized two channel
Electroencephalograph (EEG) system. The
device is approximately one inch tall, three inches wide, and six inches long
and is connected directly to a 486 computer via the parallel port. It has a built in impedance meter and
operates with both BIOLEX (BLX) neurotheaphy software and NeuroLex (NLX) EEG
acquisition software. The BLX and NLX
systems comprise an array of tools including an audio/visual display system,
graphing and reporting features, fast Fourier transformation and spectral
analysis of complex wave forms, as well as conventional EEG recordings. An artifact inhibit feature stops all
recording when the artifact (e.g., eye movement or other muscle signals)
exceeds the selected artifact inhibit amplitude threshold. The computerized system was used to measure
participants’ theta activity for each 2-second epoch. In the EEG data analysis, fast Fourier transformation was
performed, and a power spectrum calculated, for each epoch.
The
Monroe Institute specifically for this study produced the audiocassette tapes
used in this study. Both a control tape
and experimental tape were used in this study.
The binaural beats provided in the experimental tape are unique in that
they were designed to be complex brainwave-like patterns rather than simple
sine waves. The right-left differences
in stereo audio signals on these tapes were assembled in a sequence to produce
a dynamic wave pattern (brainwave-like) as compared to a static, uniform sine
wave pattern. Specifically, the
experimental tape used in this experiment was produced with a binaural-beat
pattern that represents a theta brainwave pattern of high hypnotic
susceptibility. The Monroe Institute
provided objective data verifying the binaural-beat components imbedded in the
experimental tape, both in wave form and frequency spectra formats.
The
experimental tape was produced with pink sound and theta binaural beats imbedded
in carrier tones. The control tape was
produced with pink sound and tones without binaural beats.
For
all participants, informed consent forms were provided. All participants were debriefed at the
completion of the study. All participants,
at each stage of the study, were treated according to the ethical guidelines of
the American Psychological Association.
During
all sessions earlobes and the forehead electrode sites were cleaned with Ten-20
Abrasive EEG Prep Gel to decrease skin resistance prior to attaching EEG
electrodes. Ten-20 EEG conductive paste
was used as a conduction medium to fill the cups of silver-chloride
electrodes. One monopolar EEG
derivation was used, located according to the 10-20 system (Jasper, 1958) at
FZ; the references were linked ears (R1, R2).
During
all sessions participants wore headphones, providing audio input of pink sound
and tones (baseline) or pink sound and theta binaural beats imbedded in carrier
tones (stimulus).
The
length of pre-stimulus session baseline for participants within each category
of hypnotisability varied as follows: the duration of baseline recordings for
Participant #1 was 5 minutes and Participant #2 was 10 minutes. For each category of hypnotisability, the
two participants were exposed to a baseline session of either 5 or 10 minutes,
and three 20-minute stimulus sessions.
This procedure allowed participants to be exposed to the same stimulus
sessions under ‘time-lagged’ conditions.
This approach is the foundation of the Multiple Baseline single-subject
experimental design, which allows for examination of changes in stimulus
sessions relative to the varied baseline periods.
EEG
measures of percent theta activity at frontal (FZ) placement were recorded
during all sessions. Data were recorded
at each 2-second epoch during EEG recording.
These date support trend analysis over time of baseline and stimulus
sessions.
Pre-stimulus
data for level of hypnotisability (SHSS:C scores) were collected for each
participant during the selection process.
Post-stimulus sessions data for level of hypnotisability (SHSS: C
scores) were collected following each participant’s last stimulus session.
During
this session participants were given information regarding (a) general
understanding of theta binaural-beat sound stimulation and (b) the
purpose/protocol of stimulus sessions.
Prior to recording of EEG data, the experimenter instructed participants
to close their eyes and to take two to three minutes to allow themselves to
become relaxed. The experimenter
instructed the participant to visualize herself as relaxed and comfortable and
still, to experience a feeling of inner quietness. This procedure was used to allow the participant’s brainwave
activity to stabilize prior to baseline records.
The
duration of each session was 20 minutes.
Prior to recording of EEG data, the participants were allowed 2 – 3
minutes for stabilization of brainwave activity as previously described in the
baseline session procedures. Prior to
exiting the room, the experimenter
started the cassette tape, the EEG recording function, and turned off the
overhead light, leaving a single table lamp as a source of illumination in the
room. The stimulus session was preset
to terminate at 20 minutes. Each
participant completed three sessions over a period of one week.
Following
each stimulation session, each participant was asked about her experience. This
free-flow interview was used to assess the participants’ subjective experience
of listening to the binaural-beat sound stimulation, and to test for adverse
effects or reactions on the part of each participant.
The
four sessions (one baseline and three stimulus) were completed for each
participant in two meetings within a five day period. During the initial meeting, the participants completed the first
two stimulus sessions in addition to the baseline session. The sessions were scheduled in this manner
to reduce participant response cost and to decrease participant attrition. Participants were allowed to take breaks of
approximately 10 minutes between each session.
The second meeting took place on the second day following the initial
meeting. During this second meeting the
participants completed the third stimulus session.
Data
was analyzed in order to evaluate changes in theta activity across sessions and
changes in hypnotisability levels from pre-stimulus to post-stimulus scale
administrations (SHSS:C).
The
EEG data of each two-second epoch during the baseline sessions were averaged to
yield 10 data points for the five-minute baseline recording and 20 data points
for the 10-minute baseline recording.
The EEG data for each stimulus session was averaged to yield 25 data
points for each 20-minute recording.
In
an effort to determine if the pretest to posttest change hypnotisability scores
on the SHSS: C exceeded that which would be expected on the basis of
measurement error, the Significant Change Index (SCI) as suggested by
Christensen & Mendoza (1986) was used.
Descriptive techniques (graphical representations) were used to indicate
the change in hypnotisability from pre to post-measures.
The
C statistic was used to analyze the series of theta activity data across
baseline and stimulus sessions. This
approach was used to determine if a statistically significant different existed
between baseline and stimulus sessions observations of theta activity.
When
comparing baseline and stimulus session’s observations, the C statistic
provides information about changes in the level and direction between the two
time series. In the determination of statistical
signification of an obtained C value, a Z value is obtained from the ratio of
the C value to its standard error of the mean.
Graphical representations of the time series of theta activity measures
were used to allow confirmation of the statistical findings by visual
inspection of the data.
The
six participants in this study were female, ranging in age from 19 to 32. In order to facilitate association of each
participant with relevant data, the following labels will be used in reference
to the participants by hypnotisability group (LOW, MED, HIGH) and by duration
of baseline (1 = 5-minute baseline, 2 = 10-minutes baseline). The three participants (one from each
hypnotisability group) with 10 minute baselines are referred to as LOW2, MED2,
and HIGH2. The majority of participants
reported having no previous experience with relaxation-oriented experiences
such as hypnosis, meditation, or formal relaxation training.
Hypothesis
1 – Increases
in hypnotic susceptibility, after exposure to binaural-beat sound stimulation
protocol; will be observed for all participants from pre to post-measures. Both participants in the low-susceptibility
group (LOW1, LOW2) increased by a raw score of 1 from pre to
post-measures. Both of the participants
in the medium-susceptibility group (MED1, MED2) increased to the raw score of
8. MED1 increased from a raw score of 6
to a raw score of 8, MED2 increased from a raw score of 7 to a raw score of
8. No changes in raw score values were
observed with the participants in the high-susceptibility group (HIGH1, HIGH2)
between pre and post-measures. A
calculation of the Signification Change Index (SCI) [used to assess pretest to
posttest SHSS:C scores considering the standard error of the difference (SD)
between the two test scores: SCI value > 1.65 denotes significance at
p<.05] for each participant the following values: LOW1 – SCI = 1.96, SD =
.51, p<.05; LOW2 – SCI = 1.96, SD = .51, p<.05, MED1 – SCI = 3.92, SD =
.51, p<.05, MED2 – SCI = 1.96, SD = .51, p<.05. According to these calculations, a change of .84 or greater in
raw-score value was required to establish a significantly different change in
hypnotic susceptibility. Therefore,
these data suggest that this hypothesis was supported in participants LOW1,
LOW2, MED1, and MED2.
Hypothesis
2 – Theta activity will increase in all individuals as a result of the
binaural-beat sound protocol. Evaluation
of intersession theta activity relative to baseline theta activity first
required an analysis of baseline data to assure stability for subsequent
comparison. In the examination of
baseline trends of theta activity, the C statistic was calculated for each
participant. LOW1 demonstrated no
significant trend during the 5-minute baseline session (C = .18, n = 10,
p>.05). LOW2 demonstrated a
significant downward trend during the 10-minute baseline session (C = .75, n =
20, p<.05). MED1 demonstrated no
significant trend during the 5-minute baseline session (C - .20, n = 10, p>.05). MED2 demonstrated no significant trend
during the 10-minute baseline session (C = .32, n = p>.05). HIGH1 demonstrated no significant trend
during the 5-minute baseline session (C = -.28, n = 10, p>.05). HIGH2 demonstrated no significant trend during
the 10-minute baseline session (C = -.07, n = 20, p>.05).
In
five of six participants, the baseline time series of theta activity data did
not show a constant direction or trend, and indicated no departure from random
variation. One participant (LOW1)
demonstrated a significant downward trend.
Therefore, the baseline data for all six participants provided adequate
support for subsequent comparisons.
In
the examination of trends in theta activity across baseline and the three
binaural-beat stimulation sessions, the C statistic was calculated for each
participant. LOW1 demonstrated a
significant upward trend (C = .36, n = 85, p<.01). LOW2 demonstrated a significant upward trend (C = .35, n = 95,
p<.01). MED1 demonstrated a
significant downward trend (C = .74, n = 85, p<.01). MED2 demonstrated a significant upward trend
(C = .88, n = 95, p<.01). HIGH1
demonstrated a significant upward trend (C = .70, n = 85, p<.01). HIGH2 demonstrated a significant upward
trend (C = .77, n = 95, p<.01).
Thus,
in five of six participants significant upward intersession trends in theta
activity were observed. This
significant intersession activity in relation to non-significant baseline
activity provides support for this hypothesis in five of six participants.
Hypothesis
3 – Increases in theta activity will be of greatest significance in the
participants in the medium-hypnotizable group. An examination of the derived C statistic values for each
hypnotic susceptibility group provided data regarding the relative significance
of theta activity increases between groups.
Mean C values for each susceptibility group (LOW, MED, HIGH) were
calculated. The mean value for the
medium-hypnotizable group does not include MED1, as this participant
demonstrated a decrease in theta activity across stimulus sessions. Therefore, comparing the mean C value for
the low and the high susceptible groups with the single C value for the medium
susceptibility group which increase, the following values were obtained:
LOW
(M = .36)
MED
(M = .88)
HIGH
(M = .74)
This
analysis indicated a supportive trend in the data, but without inclusion of
participant MED1, it does not provide support for this hypothesis.
Hypothesis 4 – Increases in theta activity will be of least
significance in the participants in the low-hypnotisable group.
An
examination of the derived C statistic values for each hypnotic susceptibility
group provided data regarding the relative significance of theta activity
increases between groups. Mean C values
for each group of susceptibility (LOW, MED, HIGH) were calculated. The mean value for the medium-hypnotizable
group does not include MED1, as this participant demonstrated a decrease in
theta activity across stimulus sessions.
The mean C values for each group of susceptibility are as follows:
LOW
(M = .36)
MED
(M = .88)
HIGH
(M = .74)
Therefore,
these data suggest support for this hypothesis.
Increases in hypnotic susceptibility, after exposure to binaural-beat
sound stimulation protocol, will be observed for all participants from pre to
post measures.
As
mentioned earlier, the participants who demonstrated a significant increase in
hypnotic susceptibility were Participants LOW1, LOW2, MED1 and MED2. The participants in the high-hypnotizable
group did not change in the measure of hypnotic susceptibility. Graphical analysis allowed for a simplified
examination of the changes in hypnotisability levels from the pre to post
binaural-beat stimulation administrations.
In
as much as no decreases in demonstrated raw-score values were observer across
the six participants, these data suggest support of previous data indicating
the relatively stable nature of hypnotic ability over time (Perry, Nadon &
Button, 1992).
As
previously mentioned, a potential ceiling effect may be present in the SHSS:
C. The items on the SHSS: C are
presented in a progressively greater difficulty. Data reported by Perry, Nadon & Button (1992) showed that 68%
of the normative sample passed the first four items, and only 16% passed the
last four items. The items begin
relatively easy and become progressively more difficult and therefore are
rank-ordered and do not meet interval level requirements. Thus, to accurately interpret of the
findings of this study, the progressive organization of the SHSS:C items must
be taken into consideration. The
obtained changes in the medium-susceptible group may be more meaningful than
observed changes in the low-susceptible group, as a change of one raw-score
point would be a more difficult task in the medium-susceptible group than would
a change of one raw-score point in the low-susceptible group. This indicates that the application of the
Significant Change Index may not reveal the true significance of changes in
hypnotic susceptibility with the SHSS:C.
The organization of the SHSS:C is also an important factor in the
ceiling-effect phenomena observed in the two participants in the
high-susceptible group.
The
two participants in the low-hypnotizable group demonstrated modest increases in
SHSS: C raw score values. Both
participants LOW1 and LOW2 increased one raw-score value from two to
three. As previously suggested, the
lack of initial hypnotic ability in less hypnotizable individuals often leads
to unsuccessful attempts at modification of hypnotisability with this
population. Although both participants
in this group demonstrated only a single point increase in raw-score values on
the SHSS: C, a positive increase suggests that modification of hypnotisability
% with less susceptible individuals using binaural-beat stimulation can lead to
positive results.
Considering
the previously mentioned hierarchy of difficulty with the SHSS: C, it may be
said that the two participants in the medium-hypnotizable group demonstrated
the greatest increase in SHSS: C raw score values. Both participants MED1 and MED2 changes in general
hypnotisability level from medium to high, with raw-scores of 6 to 8 and 7 to
8, respectively. These data also
suggest support for Perry’s (1977) findings, in which successful modification
of hypnotisability was most common in medium hypnotizable subjects.
These
individuals appear to possess a certain essential cognitive framework or a
predisposition, which provides for a variety of hypnotic experiences, as
demonstrated on the SHSS: C.
In
relation to the effects of binaural-beat sound stimulation on hypnotic
susceptibility, these data reveal mixed conclusions. An interesting point is that Participant MED1 demonstrated the
largest increase in hypnotic susceptibility and also a significant decrease in
theta activity in response to the binaural-beat sound stimulation. In contract, Participant MED2 demonstrated
the most significant increase in theta activity in response to the binaural-beat
sound stimulation. Therefore, these
data indicate that theta activity is not the only contributing factor in
hypnotic susceptibility, suggest that modification of hypnotisability with
medium susceptible individuals using binaural-beat stimulation can be
effective, and highlight the importance of individual variation. These data can provide a meaningful
direction for researchers and practitioners of hypnosis interested in
increasing hypnotic susceptibility.
The
two participants in the high-hypnotizable group demonstrated no change in SHSS: C raw-score values. The possibility exists for a ceiling-effect
with individuals scoring at the upper end of the SHSS: C scale. Both participants HIGH1 and HIGH2 had the
same pre and post raw-scores, 9 and 10, respectively. The items or skills an individual must demonstrate to increase in
raw score above 9 are cognitive items of greater difficult including, negative
and positive hallucination tasks. This
potential ceiling-effect is also evident in Hilgard’s (1965) report on relative
item difficulty within the SHSS: C, in which only nine percent of participants
in the normative base passed the positive and negative hallucination tasks. These data suggest that those who are high
in hypnotisability, in terms of the SHSS: C, may be less responsive to
binaural-beat stimulation relative to individuals who demonstrate less hypnotic
ability. Perhaps there is a ceiling
effect on an individual’s ability to produce theta as well.
Theta activity will increase in all individuals as a result of the
binaural-beat sound protocol.
This
hypothesis was supported in data from five of six participants, each showing an
upward intersession trend in theta activity across stimulus periods. The subject in the medium hypnotizable group
with the 5-minute baseline (MED1) demonstrated a downward intersession trend in
theta activity across stimulus periods.
The theta activity of Participant MED1 changed significantly in session-3. No significant change or trend in theta
activity was observed for this participant prior to session-3. These data indicate that some confounding
factor(s) may have been in effect during the session-3 stimulation/recording
period of participant MED1.
In
a post-hoc analysis of intersession theta activity, the C statistic was
calculated for the five participants who demonstrated a significant increase in
theta activity over the three binaural-beat stimulation periods. This analysis was employed to determine
which of the three binaural-beat stimulation sessions produced the most
significant increase in theta activity relative to the baseline measures. For all five participants, the data from the
third stimulation session (session-3) produced C values of the highest
significance relative to baseline.
These third session C values follow.
LOW1 (C = .49, n = 35, p<.01), LOW2 (C = .67, n = 45, p<.01), MED2
(C = .89, n = 45, p<.01), HIGH1 (C = .62, n = 35, p<.01), HIGH2 (C = .83,
n = 45, p<.01). These data suggest
that continued exposure to binaural-beat stimulation could have an incremental
positive effect on theta activity, and that in this study the most significant
incremental effect was observed in the third stimulus session.
In
a post-hoc analysis of intersession theta activity, the C statistic was
calculated for all six participants using the combination of data from
session-1 and session-2 relative to data from the baseline session. This comparison was done to further evaluate
the initial effects of the binaural-beat sound stimulation. The following C values were revealed: LOW1
(C = .36, n = 60, p<.01), LOW2 (C = .30, n = 70, p<.01), MED1 (C = .11, n
= 60, p>.05), MED2 (C = .74, n = 70, p<.01), HIGH1 (C = .18, n = 60,
p>.05), HIGH2 (C = .36, n = 70, p<.01).
These data suggest that the binaural-beat stimulation effected an
initial change (increase) in four of the six participants (LOW1, LOW2, MED2 and
HIGH2).
The
two participants who did not demonstrate a significant increase in theta
activity during the two initial sessions were MED1 and HIGH1. As mentioned earlier, Participant MED1
demonstrated a significant downward intersession trend across all three
sessions, most obvious in session-3.
The explanation of this anomalous response is uncertain, but as
described in the introductory section on binaural-beat sound stimulation, a
number of factors influence the EEG frequency-following response. Factors of primary interest in relation to
theta activity are internal feelings, attitudes, beliefs and overall
mood-state.
As
theta is related to an overall relaxed state, any negative affect related to
these factors could adversely affect theta production. Participant HIGH1 also demonstrated the most
significant response in session-3.
Participant HIGH1 reported previous experienced with head injury and EEG
measurements. This experience involved
an automobile accident in which the participant was knocked unconscious some
ten years previous. Reported results of
EEG at that time indicated an ‘abnormal’ pattern during the sleep state. The relationship of possible brainwave
abnormalities to measured theta activity in response to binaural-beat
stimulation is now known. However,
there is the possibility that the theta response of participant HIGH1 was
affected by this head injury.
An
additional post-hoc analysis was utilized to provide a precise evaluation of
the immediate effect of the binaural-beat sound stimulation within the
framework of the Multiple Baseline design.
In this analysis, within each susceptibility group, the 10-minute
baseline recording periods of Participant LOW2, MED2 and HIGH2 were compared to
the 5-minute baseline recording periods appended with 5-minutes of the first
stimulus session of Participants LOW1, MED1 and HIGH1. As previously stated, the participants
within each susceptibility group assigned 10-minute and 5-minute baseline
recording periods all demonstrated no significant upward trends in theta
activity during baseline recordings. An
examination of the initial five-minute stimulation period following the
baseline period for the participants assigned the 5-minute baseline % within
each susceptibility group revealed the following C values; LOW1 (C = .72, n =
16, p<.05), MED1 (C = .27, n = 16, p>.05), HIGH1 (C = .25, n = 16, p>.05). The corresponding Z values for each C value
stated above follow. LOW1 (Z = 2.99);
MED1 (Z = 1.12); HIGH1 (Z = 1.02).
Participant LOW1 demonstrated a significant upward trend during the
initial 5-minute stimulus period, and participants MED1 and HIGH1 did not
demonstrate a significant trend during the initial 5-minute stimulus
period. As mentioned earlier,
participants MED1 and HIGH1 did not demonstrate a significant increase in theta
activity during the two initial sessions.
In contrast, Participant LOW1 demonstrated a significant increase in
theta activity during all three stimulus sessions. These data highlight the power of individual differences in
relation to theta brainwave activity.
The observation that the initial recording of stimulus data seemed
predictive of a differential theta activity response over time may be
particularly important is this analysis.
It may be that the significance of an initial theta activity response to
binaural-beat sound stimulation is positively related to the significance of
the theta activity response over time.
Hypothesis 3 – Increases in theta activity will be of greatest
significant in the participants in the medium-hypnotisable group.
The
obtained unequal number of participants in each group, due to the exclusion of
participant MED1 (this participant demonstrated a decrease in theta activity
across stimulus sessions), presents difficulties in providing support for this
hypothesis.
Participant
MED2 demonstrated the highest significant overall increase in theta activity
across the baseline and stimulus sessions primarily manifested in session-2 and
session-3. Further support for this
hypothesis is also indicated in the previously mentioned post-hoc analysis of
(a) session-1 and session-2 combined relative to baseline, and (b) session-3
comparison to baseline. In both
analyses, Participant MED2 demonstrated the highest significant overall
increase in theta activity.
Hypothesis 4 – Increases in theta activity will be of least
significance in the participants in the low-hypnotisable group.
The
observed unequal number of participants in each group, due to the exclusion of
Participant MED1 (this participant demonstrated a decrease in theta activity
across stimulus sessions), also presents difficulties in providing support for
this hypothesis. Even with this
consideration, the observation that both Participants LOW1 and LOW2
demonstrated the lease significant overall increase in theta activity across
the baseline and stimulus sessions suggests support for this hypothesis.
The
findings of this study provide support for the efficacy of the binaural-beat
sound stimulation process, pioneered by the Monroe Institute, in effecting an
increase in theta brainwave activity.
As mentioned earlier, the baseline and stimulus tapes differed only in
the presence or absence of the binaural-beat stimulation (ie, both contained
pink sound and tones). Each participant
demonstrated no significant upward trend in baseline recordings of theta
activity. Thus, the observed trends in
theta activity following introduction of the binaural-beat sounds allows one to
state, with a good deal of certainty, that it is the effect of the
binaural-beat sounds and not merely the passage of time, the measurement
operation, or some other independent event that effected the observed increases
in theta activity. During the
post-session interviews, no descriptions of unpleasant experiences were
reported. Individual reports of each
stimulation session varied from profoundly insightful to pleasant and relaxing.
The
single-subject experimental design used in this study allowed for examination
of the effects of binaural beast stimulation on individual theta activity over
time. With single-subject methodology
there is no need to compromise the effects of stimulation on different subjects
by averaging across groups as is done with group designs.
The
data in this study relative to hypnotisability suggest support for the
stability of hypnotic susceptibility over time and suggest support for previous
data showing differential response to modification of hypnotisability relative
to initial susceptibility level. This
support is evident in the fact that no participant decreased in hypnotic
susceptibility over time and in the differential participant responses across
general hypnotic susceptibility levels.
Surprisingly, the most significant increase in hypnotic susceptibility
was observed in the participant with the most significant decrease in theta
activity in response to the binaural-beat sound stimulation. Even though the significance of the decrease
in theta activity for this participant was explained entirely by third session
recordings, it is difficult to draw conclusions regarding the relationship of
theta activity to hypnotic susceptibility when reviewing the findings of this
study. Overall, this study indicates
that theta activity is related to, but cannot uniquely explain, the variation
in hypnotic susceptibility.
Although
the single-subject experimental design used in this study provided a direct
examination of individual responses over time, the design of this study is not
without inherent limitation. For
example, as the participants in this study are not representative of the
general population, it would be difficult to generalize the findings of this
study, even to a similar group of females.
It is worth noting, however, that the issue of external validity, which
often essentially relates to possible inconsistencies in the data due to small
sample sizes, is tempered somewhat in this study by the adequate number of
recorded data points within each subject.
The
demographic data were collected post-hoc, and thus prevented the homogeneous
selection of subjects based on such variables as previous experience with EEG
recordings or head-injury. Also, data
collected in intersession interviews was not recorded for further
analysis. This is unfortunate, as
information regarding the subjective experience of binaural-beat stimulation is
meaningful not only in and of itself but could have provided data relating to
the differential participant theta activity in response to binaural-beat sound
stimulation observed in this study.
In
future related research with the use of binaural-beat stimulation, the time of
exposure could be increased. An
increase in exposure time could provide important data relating to modification
of theta brainwave activity and hypnotic susceptibility. This could be easily accomplished by using a
home-practice protocol, not unlike home-practice relaxation training commonly
used in behavioral medicine settings with disorders such as migraine
headaches. This type procedure would
allow for extended stimulation periods in a true applied setting. Another possible line of research could
involve the use of binaural-beat stimulation within background music during
hypnotic procedures in an effort to increase participant response to hypnotic
susceptibility evaluation measures. The
use of ‘background support’ via binaural-beat sound stimulation could also
prove a valuable asset to clinical practitioners as well. Data from this study may also provide a
foundation for subsequent group comparison designs directed toward the
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In
one study, thirty patients had sessions in Theta (5 Hz) and experienced
relaxation states of 80 – 100% after five minutes as well as improved pain
relief. Eight patients had blood tests
before and after the sessions and showed improved beta-endorphin levels of 10 –
50%.
Using
a first-generation prototype light/sound device, one doctor noted, “These
devices produce a distinct relaxation state.
Programming the device between 3 and 7 Hz, it takes about 10 to 15
minutes for the patients to enter – effortlessly – a state of hypnosis. They terminate the sessions relaxed and with
a feeling of well-being”. Also, “the
device has a calming effect on the nervous or anxious patients. In a majority of cases, the patients feel
relaxed, and clam during a period of three to four days after the session. It happens that the subjects have a
reminiscence of childhood experiences, particularly when in Theta. They related their experiences which we
incorporated into our psychotherapeutic program”.
“The
harmonics works like a tranquilizer and the effect lasts for several days. Using the harmonics in Theta frequency,
clients are very receptive to suggestions on behavioral aspects such as
reducing tobacco, alcohol and food consumption’s”. Many patients “were more creative during the sessions”.
“By
inducing hemispheric coherence the frequencies can contribute to improved
intellectual functioning of the brain.
Like children spending most of their time in Theta, the machine allows a
reduction in learning time. With adults
a return into Theta allows them to discover childhood experiences. The machine is like a ‘lost and found
office’ for the subconscious”.
DJ
Anderson used photo-stimulating goggles with variable frequency using red LEDs
in order to stimulate the optic nerve, through closed eyes, right and left with
frequencies between 0.5 and 50 Hz. The
study included seven patients who suffered a total of more than 50 migraines
during the observation period.
Forty-nine of these migraines were relieved (either by reducing the
average duration or by increasing the frequency interval in between migraine
crisis) and 36 other migraines could be stopped while using the goggles. DJ Anderson, B.Sc, MB, “The treatment of
Migraine with Variable Frequency Photo-Stimulation”, in HEADACHE, March 1989,
pp 154-155:
The
more these sounds are used, the easier it becomes to produce and maintain
Alpha/Theta rhythms. As these states of
higher awareness become infused into normal brain activity, the result can lead
to what some have called a fifth state of consciousness, or an ‘awakened mind’. In this state of illumination and bliss one
sees the world as distinctly as before but with a new mind that perceives the
universe with new meaning. It’s this
experience of illumination that is the seed for all breakthrough scientific
theories, literary ideas, revolutionary inventions, and artistic
masterpieces. The technology used here
induces these states by forcing your brain to focus your mental energies inward
… tapping your own vast reserve of creative genius and eventually unfolding ‘an
enlightened state of awareness’.
An
unusual side benefit of listening to these sounds is a surprising need for less
sleep. Some users are able to reduce
their sleep requirement by as much as 3 – 4 hours each night, rising each
morning feeling refreshed as if they had slept a full 8 hours. The reason?
It’s believed the theta-sounds replace the need for extensive dreaming
which is the main purpose of sleep.
Another interesting side effect, many users report a dramatic increase
in sex drive. No one knows exactly why,
but it may be linked to changes in brain chemistry. But, perhaps the most unusual side effect is the reported
increase in psychic functioning, including episodes of precognition,
out-of-body experiences, and spontaneous channeling events.
When
you finish each session your entire body becomes charged with a new energy and
vitality. Fears and anxieties are
gone. You are renewed, more alert, and
mentally you feel on top of the world.
What
causes the euphoria and peak experiences?
The neuroscientists say the ‘high’ you experience is caused by a release
of endorphins in the brain. A hundred
times more powerful than morphine it makes you feel like you’re soaring with
eagles.
Zen
mediators have been found to alter Alpha/Theta frequency according to their
depth of meditation, reports Japan’s leading neurophysiologist, Dr Tomio
Hirai. He has correlated brain-wave
patterns with certain stages of meditation and according to Dr. Hirai,
“Meditation is not merely a state between mental stability and sleep, but a
condition in which the mind operates at the optimum. In this condition the person is relaxed but ready to accept and
respond positively to any stimulus that may reach him”.
Research
now confirmed that brainwave rhythms correspond to certain states of consciousness,
and this suggests that individuals capable of altering their brainwave patterns
can have significant control over other mental and physiological
functioning. As Elmer and Alyce Green
of the famous Menninger Institute first reported in the mid-70s’, “…simply
causing your brain to generate theta activity for a few minutes each day seems
to have enormous benefits, including boosting the immune system, enhancing
creativity, and triggering integrative experiences leading to feelings of
psychological well-being”.
Biofeedback
researchers have found that people, who enter the ‘theta state’, expand their
states of consciousness, acquire super-receptivity to new information, and
demonstrate a greater ability to ‘rescript’ material on a subconscious level. Even more astonishing are the findings of a
study conducted on a group of chronic alcoholics at a University in
Colorado. After 13 weeks the group that
learned to generate theta and alpha brainwaves, shoed a far greater recovery
rate, and a complete transformation of personality.
Remote
viewing is the ability of a person to project their conscious observation to a
distant location in the physical universe and to see or sense what is there.
There
are a number of methods available to achieve remote viewing; Ganzfeld, CRV
(using map coordinates) and psychometry.
It
was clear from the work done in the 70s and 80s by various governments and the
CIA that the main state was likely to be an alpha wave state.
Many
accounts of CRV showed the participants talking to coordinators; almost
certainly indicating that they probably moved between alpha and low beta. They will certainly have had both
frequencies working together in many instances.
Unfortunately,
most accounts of remote viewing are only partially accurate. Sometimes the accounts were completely
incorrect.
We
believed that it was at certain combinations of alpha frequency and beta
frequency that the highest incidence of correct remote viewing took place.
We
attended many remote-viewing courses and found that most attendees were in a
mildly relaxed but alert state – again supporting the theory that the active
principles were a combination of alpha and beta.
We
initially worked with carrier waves at 500 – 600 Hz but eventually found that
carrier waves between 150 Hz and 250 Hz worked best for entrainment.
After
extensive case testing we found that an alpha frequency of 10 Hz consistently
produced outstanding results for viewing distant or sealed objects. Some aspect of the target was identifiable
in over 60% of our tests. The correct
data tended to come through within 1 minute of achieving this frequency.
We
then tried sweeping through the beta frequencies whilst the 10 Hz frequency
remained constant. This would
effectively set up the absolute correct conditions at least once through the
sweep. The data was constantly
monitored and the results correlated.
The
first complementary beta frequency was found to be at 14.5 Hz and the second at
18.0 Hz. There were clear peaks of
accurate data retrieval at these 2 frequencies.
We
compared the use of each frequency in conjunction with the 10 Hz base and the
use of all three frequencies together.
There
was a significant improvement in data retrieval when all 3 frequencies were
combined.
The
remote viewing harmonic sweeps from 20 Hz to 10 Hz over a period of 10
minutes. This ensures that your brain
will lock into the frequency at some point.
Once 10 Hz is reached the 14.5 Hz and 18.0 Hz harmonics are added at a
lower amplitude. Remote viewing
facility would be at its peak in the last 5 minutes of the program.
Whilst
evaluating the sweep down through low beta and higher alpha we noticed a
consistent response at 12.0 Hz plus or minus 0.2 Hz.
The
whole body, no matter how tense or anxious, completely relaxed at this
frequency. It remained relaxed whilst
at this frequency.
The
effect was very like the muscular relaxation you feel when in a hot sauna. It was a powerful demonstration of how the
brain can affect the body. It also
demonstrated how, with the correct tools, we could also control the body from
an external source.
We
experimented with other harmonic frequencies in conjunction with the 12 Hz frequency
and made other discoveries (later in the E Book) but found that the relaxation
power was driven almost entirely by the 12 Hz frequency.
The
Bodymelt harmonic sweeps from 20 Hz down to 12 Hz over a period of 8
minutes. The rest of the program stays
at 12 Hz for the deepest relaxation possible without distraction.
One
of the most remarkable effects was found as we scanned through the theta range
following relaxation at 12 Hz. At 7.0
Hz plus or minus 0.3 Hz we experienced an obvious movement of consciousness.
The effect was quite
startling at first as it was sudden, and was like a ‘pulling of consciousness
from the body to the brain or mind’. It
seemed like all awareness was focused at the front of the head just behind the
eyes. We experienced a consistent loss
of awareness of the physical body.
After a varying length of
time in this state, a ‘travelling’ sensation was experienced, often with visual
and auditory imagery. This was clearly
the rudiment of an OOBE or astral projecting experience.
We experimented with further
harmonics but did not find anything that enhanced this effect.
The Threshold
harmonic sweeps from 20 Hz down to 12 Hz over a period of 8 minutes to create
the deep relaxation mentioned earlier.
The theta frequency at 7 Hz is increased in amplitude over the next 12
minutes. The ‘consciousness pulling’
effect tended to happen after about 15 minutes; but timing was variable.
The
body of scientific evidence suggested that Telepathy worked when theta
activity was present. It seemed
reasonable to hypothesize that when two people have matched theta waves they
have the potential to be telepathic (much like the use of carrier waves for
telecommunication systems).
We
experimented with general synchronized theta sweeps using two
experimenters. We found that success
was achieved at a number of theta frequencies, the synchronization being the
key factor.
We
considered that long distance telepathy and extrasensory communication may be
enhanced by incorporating the Earth’s natural resonance. This is called the Schumann Resonance.
The
fundamental frequency of the Schumann resonance is roughly the fundamental
frequency of a spherical shell whose inside boundary is the surface of the
Earth and whose outside boundary is the ionosphere, acting as a spherical shell
electromagnetic wave former.
The
fundamental frequency ought to be roughly the time it takes electromagnetic
radiation to go all the way around the spherical shell. Since the speed of light is about 300,000
km/sec and one cycle is the circumference of the Earth, which is about 40,000
km/cycle. Basic physics calculates this
as a frequency of 7.5 Hz.
The
Schumann Resonances are actually observed by experiment to occur at several
harmonic frequencies between 6 and 50 cycles per second; specifically 7.8, 14
(see earlier as an RV enhancing frequency), 20, 26, 33, 39 and 45 Hz with a
daily variation of about +/- 0.5 Hz.
The 7.8 Hz observed fundamental resonance is close to the rough
theoretical estimate of 7.5 Hz. So long
as the properties of Earth’s electromagnetic cavity remains about the same,
these frequencies remain the same.
The
addition of the Schumann resonance did show an improvement in telepathic
communication.
The
telepath harmonic sweeps from 20 Hz down to 12 Hz over a period of 18
minutes to create the deep relaxation mentioned earlier. The theta frequency at 7.8 Hz (Schumann
frequency) is increase in amplitude over the next 12 minutes. The communication of information between 2
synchronized experimenters was accurate and consistent.
There
are a number of references to enhanced learning abilities due to the use of
binaural frequencies – you will see these references in Chapter 8. Many of these are in the theta range.
We
feel that alpha frequencies are more potent in this particular area.
We
also used the references from the work of Ostrander and Schroeder in the
tremendous book Super learning to experiment with pulsed sound used in
conjunction with the binaural effect.
It
is worth noting that rhythmic pulsing of sound can cause entrainment of other
parts of the body.
We
used pulsed sound at 60 Hz as recommended in Super nature. This used in conjunction with a 12 Hz
harmonic frequency created a perfect environment for speed learning and super
learning.
You
would need to read your study material or, better still, play it in the
background of your meditation session.
It
is thought that a number of frequencies cause the generation of precognitive
dreams. We found that this was best
enhanced at around 6.0 Hz plus or minus 0.4 Hz.
It
is worthy of note that at these frequencies we had consistent reports of
‘awareness of presence’ in the meditative state. It was often described as a caring presence.
The
use of this program should be in conjunction with a suitable dream capturing
approach. We found that precognition
was random and not easily detectable until the event occurred.
It
is also worthy of note that many experiments have confirmed that feelings of
‘déjà vu’ were indeed sequences seen in dreams at some time in the past.
The
incidence of déjà vu greatly increases after using the Precognition
program.
The
harmonic sweeps from 20 Hz down to 12 Hz over a period of 8 minutes to create
the deep relaxation mentioned earlier.
The theta frequency at 5.8 Hz is increased in amplitude over the next 12
minutes. Initially you may feel
disturbed by the ‘presence’. You will
get used to this after a while.
It
is well documented in scientific journals that regular use of theta frequencies
will reduce your need for sleep.
As
we found theta frequencies to be so potent in inducing other effects we tried
to find a theta frequency that was both relaxing and non distracting.
We
found that a frequency of 5.6 Hz caused the largest amount of sleep recovery.
The
Sleep Reducer sweeps from 18 Hz down to 5.6 Hz over a period of 10
minutes to ensure complete entrainment.
The theta frequency at 5.6 Hz remains constant for the next 20 minutes
to maximize recovery.
For
centuries stretching back into the dim corridors of time, Asian religions have
spoken of a mystical force called the kundalini. Knowledge of how to awaken the kundalini, what it does and what
to do after its awakening was a closely guarded secret among spiritual masters
of the east.
The
kundalini is a powerful energy that eastern religions say lies coiled at the
base of the spine in humans. The
kundalini gradually rises and then slowly subsides within the spine, only to
rise again later on. Each time it rises,
it rises further up the spine and will continue rising and subsiding until it
eventually reaches the brain. The whole
process may take months to complete.
There
are a number of effects of the rising of this energy. All of these effects are available to those who have awakened the
kundalini. Although you may have to ask
for some of these qualities. It is for
these effects that disciples have committed their lives to raising the
kundalini energy over the ages.
1.
Bliss: The rising of the kundalini is extremely
blissful.
2.
Visions
and Images: There are many various
visions that appear in the mind once the kundalini has been awakened. Many disciples of the kundalini have
written of visions of the charkas and various other forms. Some visions are precognitive; some are not.
3.
Awareness
of the Divine
4.
All
you ever wanted: Almost everyone chases
after material objects here and there in the world. Cars, houses, sex, etc. are quite often sought in a vain attempt
to fill some inner void within the soul.
One of the most remarkable feelings I ever experienced during my
experiences with the kundalini was simply the realization that this was all I
ever wanted. Whenever I wanted anything
else, I was looking for a substitute for the feelings I was experiencing. There was a complete sense of fullness that
satisfies any void within your soul.
5.
Purity,
Integration and the Expansion of the Mind:
I don’t care how religious or pure you are before you awaken the
kundalini. Afterwards, the kundalini
begins to really make you clean inside.
That feeling of being made clean is real purity.
6.
Intuitional
Knowledge: It is hard to say how
someone knows things by intuition; however, one of the strongest experiences I
had during the awakening of my kundalini was that of receiving (revealed)
knowledge. It didn’t really matter
about what; it could be how to play a physical sport or any other interest, but
when I received it, I either knew with every fiber of my being that it was
revealed truth (The Lessons of Enlightenment) or I knew with my mind that I
were being given a deep insight. The
deep insight feelings have stayed with me through the years. It is hard to say how someone knows things
by intuition; however, one of the strongest experiences I had during the
awakening of my kundalini was that of receiving (revealed) knowledge. It didn’t really matter about what; it
could be how to play a physical sport of any other interest, but when I
received it, I either knew with every fiber of my being that it was revealed
truth (The Lessons of Enlightenment) or I knew with my mind that I were being
given deep insight.
7.
Mystical
Powers: One of the things you are
taught on the spiritual path is how to use psychic powers. One of the fundamental laws of psychic
powers is that you can’t influence psychically that from which you feel
separate. By removing the barriers of
the ego and expanding the mind, you begin to lose that sense of separateness
from everything.
The
kundalini is easily awakened using brainwave harmonic sessions. The principle involved is quite simple. All you have to do is to use a session to
put yourself into a very deep trance like state and then stimulate the mind.
This
works because the trance like state removes the ego’s barriers and the
stimulation awakens the kundalini. This
is equivalent to saying that the trance state unlocks the door, and the
stimulation opens it. The session will
awaken automatically the kundalini.
The
following frequencies are used within the Raise the Kundalini series.
Muladhara (Base Chakra) 16.5 Hz
Swadhistana (Genital Chakra) 18.5
Hz
Manipura (Solar Plexus Chakra) 29.2 Hz
Anahata (Heart Chakra) 22.0 Hz
Visuddhi (Throat Chakra) 23.2 Hz
Ajna (Head Chakra) 24.5 Hz
Sahasrara (Crown Chakra) 21.8 Hz
0.1
– 1 Organ/muscle resonance
0.1
– 3 Delta range; deep sleep, lucid
dreaming, increased immune functions, hypnosis
0.16
– 10 Neuralgia
0.20
– 0.26 Dental pain
0.20
– 10 Post-traumatics
0.28
– 2.15 Alcohol addiction
0.28
– 10 Arthritis
0.30
– 0.15 Depression
0.30
– 10 Cervobrachial syndrome
0.37
– 2.15 Drug addiction
0.40
– 10 Confusion
0.45
– 10 Muscle pain
0.5
Very
relaxing, against headache, for lower back pain; thyroid, reproductive,
excretory stimulant, whole brain toner
0.5
– 1.5 Pain relief; endorphin
release, better hypnosis
0.5
– 4 Deep dreamless sleep, trance, suspended
animation; anti-aging – reduces amount of cortisol, a hormone associated with
stress and aging, and increases the levels of DHEA (anti-aging) and melatonin
(decreases aging process and rebalances body).
0.9
Euphoria
0.95
– 10 Whiplash
1 –
3 Deep, dreamless sleep, trance state,
non-REM sleep
1.0 Feeling
of well-being, pituitary stimulation to release growth hormone; overall view of
inter-relationships; harmony and balance
1.05
Helps
hair grow and get its color back; pituitary stimulation to release growth hormone
(helps develop muscle, recover from injuries, rejuvenation effects)
1.45
Tri-thalamic
entrainment format. According to Ronald
deStrulle, creates entrainment between hypothalamus, pituitary and pineal. May benefit dyslexics and people with
Alzheimer’s.
1.5
Abrahams
Universal Healing rate; sleep; those individuals whose ailments have manifested
into the fourth stage of Chronic Fatigue, where some form of disease is
apparent, experienced a release from the negative sensation of their symptoms
when moved into 1.5Hz. Source: New York
Times Science Section 1989.
2.15
– 10 Tendovaginatis
2.06
Associated
with coccyx (small triangular bone at the end of the spinal column)
2.30
Associated
with genitals
2.5
Pain
relief, relaxation. Production of
endogenous opiates. Use for sedative
effect
2.57
Associated
with bladder
2.67
Associated
with intestines
3.0
Increased
Reaction Time; 3.0 Hz and below used to reduce muscle tension headaches, but
worked less well on migraines and sinus headaches
3.07
Associated
with hara (3cm or 1.5 inch below navel, balance of pelvis)
3 –
4 Influences physical vision
3 –
6 Childhood awareness/vivid memories
3.4
Sound
sleep
3.5
Feeling
of unity with everything, accelerated language retention, enhancement of
receptivity; (a remedy for) depression and anxiety; holistic regeneration, DNA stimulation
3.6
(A
remedy for) anger and irritability
3.84
Associated
with ovaries (effects vitality, life at every level)
3.9
(A
remedy for) unsociable behavior, enkephalins, extrasensory perception; those
who suffer from Chronic Fatigue exhaust very easily. When moved to 4 Hz these individuals showed marked improvement in
the length of time between the occurrences of exhaustion after certain
exercises was completed. Source: New
York Times Science Section 1989 nbsp;
Catecholamines, vital for memory and learning, respond at around 4
Hz. Subconscious Problem Solving/Full
Memory Scanning (if one can manage to stay awake); telepathy, astral
projection, ‘Seduction mindset’
4.6
Attitude
and behavior change
4 –
12 Skeletal muscle resonances
4.11
Associated
with kidneys (effects = strength)
4.5
Guru
meditation uses this to reach their deepest levels of trance
4.5
– 6.5 Wakeful dreaming, vivid
images
4.6
Associated
with the spleen/blood (effects = Emotional Impulse)
4.9
Introspection;
induce relaxation, meditation and deeper sleep
4.0
Unusual
problem solving, reduced sleep needed, theta sounds replacing need for
extensive dreaming; relaxed states, pain-relief (beta endorphin increases of 10
– 50% reported)
5.0
– 10.0 Relaxation
1.14
Associated
with stomach (effects = emotional acceptance)
5.35
Associated
with lungs (effects = oxygen, heat)
5.5
Moves
beyond knowledge to knowing, shows vision of growth needed; #inner guidance;
inner guidance, intuition, heat generation
5.8
(Reduce)
fear, absent-mindedness, dizziness
5.0
Long
term memory stimulation; (reduce) unwillingness to work
6.0
– 10.0 Creative visualization –
about 6 Hz for a while, then up to 10 Hz
6 –
9.6 Somatic responses, tingling,
pressure, heat
6.15
Associated
with heart (effects = love, warmth)
6.26
– 6.6 Hemispheric
desynchronisation, confusion, anxiety, low reaction time, depression, insomnia
6.30
Mental
and astral projection; accelerated learning and increased memory retention;
reduces anger and irritability
6.8
Possible
use for muscle spasms
6.88
Associated
with collarbones (effects = vitality, overall balance, stability)
7.0
– 8.0 For healing purposes, as
in laying on of hands by healer, or for self visualization in a healing
situation
6.0
Mental
and astral projection, bending objects, psychic surgery; increased reaction
time; mass aggregate frequency (can disrupt matter as an infrasonic), alleged
to resonate and rupture organs at excessive intensity
7.5
Inter-awareness
of self and purpose; guided meditation; creative thought for art, invention
music, etc; contact with spirit guides for direction; entry into
meditation. At 7.5 Hz subjects who
before suffered from confused thinking reported an ease at finding solutions to
troublesome problems after a re-evaluation was conducted. Source:
New York Times Science Section 1989; earth magnetic field frequency,
useful theta (brain) waves frequency
7.5 – 8 For treating alcohol + drug addition – this is the range of frequencies that tells a person they are satisfied, which is ‘missing’ in addictive personalities
1.69
Associated
with shoulders (effects = strength of the arms, expansion, teaching)
7.8
Schumann
Resonance, ESP activation
7.8 – 8 Stimulates ESP, grounding, anti-jetlag,
anti-mind control, improved stress tolerance; Schumann Frequency – psychic
healing experiences; Schumann Resonance – pituitary stimulation to release
growth hormone (helps develop muscle, recover from injuries, rejuvenation
effects)
8 – 8.6 Reduced stress/anxiety
8 – 10 Learning new information
8.0 – 10.0 Alpha – rapid refreshment 15 min
8.0 – 12.0 Alpha light relaxation, ‘super
learning’, positive thinking
8 – 13 The Alpha level is associated with a
non-drowsy but relaxed, tranquil state of consciousness, primarily with
pleasant inward awareness; body/mind integration; amplifies dowsing, empty-mind
states, detachment, daydreams, mind/body integration
8 – 14 Qi Gong and Qi Gong machines
7.0
Past
life regression; more lymphocytes (improved immune system), DNA repair (RAD-6);
associated with base/muladhara chakra (colour = red) (body parts = adrenals,
spinal column, kidneys) (effects = physical energy, will to live)
8.22
Associated
with mouth (effects = speech, creativity)
8.3
Pick
up visual images of mental objects; clairvoyance
8.6
– 9.8 Induces sleep, tingling
sensations
8.0
Awareness
of causes of body imbalance and means for balance. Blind person phantom touch reading (somatosensory cortex); associated
with sacral/svadhisthana chakra (color = orange) (body parts = gonads,
reproductive system) (effects = relationships/sexuality)
1.19
Associated
with the upper lip (effects = emotions, conflict resolution)
9.4
Major
frequency used for prostate problems
9.41
Pyramid
frequency (outside)
9.5
Mean
dominant frequency associated with the earth’s magnetic field; facial toning
9.8
– 10.6 Alertness
10
Enhanced
release of serotonin and mood elevator, universally beneficial, use to try
effects of other mixes. Acts as an
analgesic, safest frequency, especially for hangover and jetlag. Meg Patterson used for nicotine
withdrawal. Dominant alpha frequency,
clarity, normalcy, anti-convulsant, circadian rhythm resync, activate kidneys,
raise body temp. Good when trying to
correlate information by the subconscious – sort of a waiting frequency while
the subconscious does the work at lower frequencies; motor impulse coordination
(motor control cortex), remote viewing; learning a foreign language centring,
sleep spindles, arousal; associated with solar plexus/manipura chakra (colour =
yellow) (body parts = pancreas, stomach, liver, gall bladder, nervous system)
(effects = spiritual wisdom, self-healing); increased alertness (caused by an
increase in norepinephrine + serotonin and a decrease in melatonin), sense of
well being and decreased pain (caused by increase in beta-endorphins)
10
– 14 Dream/sleep spindles
10.2
Catecholamines
10.3
Associated
with nasal passages (effects = breathing, taste)
10.4
Frequency
to go to for healing of body, mind/body unity, fire walking; potent stabilizer
and stimulating for the immunity, valuable in convalescence. Relaxed alertness, contemplation, body
healing, mind over matter, lowering blood pressure; associated with
heart/anahata chakra (color = green) (body parts = thymus, heart, blood,
circulatory system) (effects = love of life, love of self and others)
10.5
Relaxed
and alert
10.6
Associated
with ears (effects = hearing, formal concepts)
11
– 14 Focused alertness
12.0
Centering,
doorway to all other frequencies; centering, mental stability, transitional
point, time seems faster [SS]; to stimulate mental clarity [ESR]; associated
with throat/vishuddha chakra (color = blue) (body parts = thyroid, lungs, vocal
cords) (effects = expression/self in society)
12.3
Associated
with eyes (effects = visualization)
12.0
– 14.0 Learning Frequency – good
for absorbing informational passively, when you plan to think about it later
12.0
– 15.0 Beta (low) – relaxed focus,
improved attentive abilities; treating hyperactivity
13.0
Associated
with brow/ajna chakra (color = indigo violet) (body parts = pituitary, lower
brain, left eye, ears, nose, nervous system) (effects = visualization,
conceptualization)
13.8
Associated
with frontal lobes (effects = the seventh sense, final decision)
13 – 30 Beta range – normal wakefulness, the taking in
and evaluating of various forms of data received through the senses. It is present with worry, anger, fear,
hunger and surprise. Waking state,
motivation, outer awareness, survival, problem solving, arousal, dendrite
growth, combats drowsiness; conscious thinking, autonomic processes and
emotions
14
– 16 Associated with sleep spindles on EEG
during second stage of sleep
14
– 15 Slows conditioned reflexes
14.0
Awake
and alert; alert focusing, vitality, concentration on tasks. Schumann frequency – second of seven
frequencies. 7.83 Hz being the
first. [TS] Schumann Resonance –
pituitary stimulation to release growth hormone (helps develop muscle, recover
from injuries, rejuvenation effects); used in conjunction with 22 Hz for
intelligence enhancement (medium = audio-visual stimulation)
14.1
‘Earth
Resonance’; earth harmonics – accelerated healing (probably tied to Schumann
Resonance above)
14
Chronic
pain; sound which bypasses the ears for sublimination (auditory cortex),
associated with crown/sahasrara chakra (color = violet/white) (body parts =
pineal, upper brain, right eye) (effects = integration of personality and
spirituality)
15.4
Associated
with Cortex (effects = intelligence)
15.0
– 18.0 Beta (mid) – increased
mental ability, focus, alertness, IQ
15
– 24 Euphoria
16
– 20 Bottom limit of normal hearing
16.4
Associated
with top of head (effects = spirit, liberation, transcendence)
18.0
Beta
(high) – fully awake, normal state of alertness, stress and anxiety
18
– 22 Beta: outward awareness, sensory
data; throws brain’s sodium/potassium levels out of balance, resulting in
mental fatigue
20
– 30 Imagery, peak luminosity in visual
field
20
– 40 Meditation for stress relief/just at
the edge of audible sound/as a musical background
19.0
Fatigue,
energize. Causes distress during labor;
human hearing threshold [SS]; Schumann Resonance [3rd frequency of
7]; imposing subconscious commands on another; stimulation of pineal gland;
helps with tinnitus (a condition that causes ear-ringing) [JB]
20.215
Hallucination
22.0
Used
in conjunction with 14 Hz for intelligence enhancement
22.27
Serotonin
stimulation
25.0
Bypassing
the eyes for images imprinting (visual cortex)
26.0
(4th
Schumann frequency of 7); Schumann Resonance – pituitary stimulation to release
growth hormone (helps develop muscle, recover from injuries, rejuvenation
effects)
27.5
Increase
of B Endorphins
30
Meg
Patterson used for marijuana
30
– 60 Gamma Range little known but includes
decision making in a fear situation, muscle tension
30
– 190 Lumbago
30 – 500 High beta: not associated currently
with any state of mind. Some effects
have been observed, but currently not enough research has been done in this
area, to prove, or disprove, anything;
32
Desensitizer;
enhanced vigor and alertness
33
Christ
consciousness, hypersensitivity, Pyramid frequency (inside); 5th
Schumann frequency of 7)
35
– 150 Fractures
35
– 193 Arthralgy
35 Awakening of mid-chakras, balance of
charkas
36
– 44 Learning frequencies, when [actively]
studying or thinking. Helps to maintain
alertness. Waking operating state
38
Release
of endorphins
39.0
[6th
Schumann frequency of 7]
39
Dominant
when problem solving in fearful situations; Gamma – associated with
information-rich task processing; ‘A New Theory of Consciousness’ for
scientists who study the human brain, even its simplest act of perception is an
event of astonishing intricacy. 40 Hz
brain activity may be a kind of binding mechanism, said Dr. Rodolfo Llinas, a
professor of neuroscience at New York University. Llinas believes that the 40-cycle-per-second wave serves to
connect structures in the cortex where advanced information processing occurs,
and the thalamus, a lower brain region where complex relay and integrative
functions are carried out. Source:
HEALTH/SCIENCE, New Mexican, April 7, 1995 [NEU]
45.0
(7th
Schumann frequency of 7)
46.98
Useful
for ‘weird effects’ (use with 62.64 Hz and 70.47 Hz)
40
– 60 Anxiolytic effects and stimulates
release of beta-endorphins MG
43
– 193 Carcinomatosis
50
Dominant
frequency of polyphasic muscle activity, mains electrical in UK
50
Slower
cerebral rhythms
55
Tantric
yoga; stimulates the kundalini
60
Used
for speed learning and super learning
63
Astral
projection
65.8
Associated
with coccyx (small triangular bone at end of spinal column)
70 – 9,000 Voice spectrum
70
Mental
and astral projection
72
Emotional
spectrum
73.6
Associated
with genitals
80
Awareness
and control of right direction. Appears
to be involved in stimulating 5-hydroxytryptamine production, with 160 Hz. Combine with 2.5 Hz.
82.3
Associated
with bladder
83
Third
eye opening for some people
85.5
Associated
with intestines
90
Good
feelings, security, well-being, balancing
90
– 111 Pleasure-producing
beta-endorphins rise between these frequencies
95
Use
for pain along with 3040 Hz
98.4
Associated
with hara (3cm or 1.5 inch below navel, balance of pelvis)
100
Can
help with pain (used with electrical stimulation)
105
Overall
view of complete situation
108
Total
knowing
110.0
Frequency
associated with stomach. [Note = A]
[BH1] [BH4]; associated with ovaries (effects = vitality, life at every level)
111
Beta
endorphins, cell regeneration
117.3
Frequency
associated with Pancreas
120 – 500 PSI, moving of objects, changing
matter, transmutation, psycho kinesis
120
Helps
with fatigue
216 Carrier wave of 666 harmonic (6 to the
power of 3)